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BANCROFT    LIBRARY 


NEW    MEXICO. 


TERRITORIAL 


BUREAU  OF  IMMIGRATION 


REPORT 


AS  TO 


RIO  ARRIBA  COUNTY. 


This  Report  was  prepared  by 

SAMUEL  ELDODT, 

Commissioner  of  Immigration,  Rio  Arriba  County. 


SANTA  FE,  N.  M. : 

NEW  MEXICAN  BOOK  AND  JOB  PKINTING  DEPARTMENT. 
1881. 


OFFICERS  AND  COMMISSIONERS 

BUREAU    OF    IMMIGRATION. 


OFFICERS. 

L.  BRADFORD  PRINCE,  President.          TRINIDAD  ROMERO,  Vice  President. 
L.  SPIEGELBERG,  Treasurer  JNO.  H.  THOMSON,  Secretary. 

MEMBERS. 

At  Large. 

THE  GOVERNOR,  ex-Of 'o,  Santa  Fe.       LEHMAN  SPIEGELBEKG,  Sauta  Fe. 
L.  BRADFORD  PRINCE,  Santa  Fe.  T.  F.  CONWAY,  Santa  Fe. 

WILLIAM  KROENIG,  Watrous. 

By  Counties. 

For  BernuliUo —  For  Rio  Arriba— 

WM.  C.  HAZLEDINE,  Albuquerque,        SAMUEL  ELDODT,  San  Juan. 

For  Colfax—  For  &o<t<t  Ft— 

HARRY  WHICH  AM,  Cimarron.  ROMULO  MARTINEZ,  Sauta  Fe. 

For  DOIM  A>m —  SAMUEL  ELLISON,  Santa  Fe. 


A.  J.  FOUNTAIN,  Mesilla. 

For  Grant— 
W.  H.  LAWRENCE,  Silver  City. 
For  Lincoln — 

J.  C.  LEA,  ROB  well. 

B.  H.  ELLIS,  Lincoln. 
For  Mora— 

RAFAEL  ROMERO,  La  Cueva. 


For  fin  a 

TRINIDAD  ROMERO,  Las  Vegas. 
J.  H.  KOOGLER,  Las  Vegas. 

For  Sovorro— 

ANTONIO  ABEYTIA  Y  A.,  Socorro. 
MICHAEL  FISHER,  Socorro. 

For  T<ios— 
ANTHONY  JOSEPH,  Taos. 


For   VulenCM — TRANQUILINO  LUNA,  Los  LunaS. 


Bancroft  Library 


REPORT 

OF  THE 


OP  RIO  ARRIBA  COUNTY. 


Rio  Arriba  county  is  situated  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
Territory  of  New  Mexico.  It  extends  from  east  to  west,  its  length 
being  about  250  miles,  and  its  breadth  about  90  miles,  comprising 
an  area  greater  than  that  of  some  of  our  most  important  states,  and 
its  average  altitude  or  elevation  above  the  sea-level  is  about  7,000 
feet. 

Its  surface  is  broken,  consisting  principally  of  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous country,  interspersed  with  fine  rivers,  the  vallies  of  which 
are  as  remarkable  for  their  loveliness,  as  they  are  for  their  fertility. 
Through  this  favored  and  favorite  county  flows  the  beautiful  river, 
so  famous  in  song  and  story,  the  proud  and  majestic  Rio  Grande, 
the  picturesque  banks  of  which  fair  stream  literally  "blossom  as  the 
rose;"  this  being  especially  true  of  that  portion  known  as  the  San 
Juan  valley,  extending  from  La  Joya  to  Santa  Clara,  a  distance  of 
about  twenty  miles,  where  by  the  potency  of  this  lordly  stream  the 
bright  vision  of  the  poet  is  most  amply  verified  and  "Health  and 
Peace  and  smiling  Plenty  reign." 

The  Territory  of  New  Mexico  has  long  been  misrepresented  on 
account  of  the  fact  that  it  was  literally  "The  Great  Unknown;"  but 
since  the  fortunate  advent  of  railroads  it  is  no  longer  regarded  as  a 
"vast  extent  of  arid  country,"  "The  Great  American  Desert,"  the 
Sahara  of  the  New  World;"  but  it  is  now,  thanks  to  the  spirit  of 
truth,  universally  recognized  for  what  it  really  is,  the  garden  of 
America,  the  veritable  Eden  or  Paradise  of  Columbia. 

A  word  here  concerning  the  history  of  this  Territory.  Its 
name  of  New  Mexico  is  a  misnomer,  inasmuch  as  it  is  an  extremely 
ancient  country,  being  grey  with  antiquity  long  before  the  discovery 


4  REPORT    OF   THE    COMMISSIONER    OF   RIO   ARRIBA    COUNTY. 

of  America  by  Christopher  Columbus,  in  1492.  Almost  everywhere 
in  New  Mexico  the  ruins  of  Indian  pueblos  have  been  discovered,  the 
foundations  of  which  (judging  by  the  depth  and  nature  of  the  de- 
posit above  them)  must  have  dated  back  for  thousands  of  years. 

Many  of  these  old  towns  and  cities  were  of  vast  extent,  some  of 
which  are  found  in  the  valleys,  others  on  hills  and  table  lands, 
some  upon  the  mountains,  while  others  again  are  found  far  up  the 
face  of  the  high  and  rocky  cliffs,  which  are  nearly  if  not  qnite  per- 
pendicular. 

In  the  southern  portion  of  this  county  the  quaint  and  interest- 
ing habitations  of  the  celebrated  Cliff-dwellers  are  found  in  various 
localities,  and  are  well  worth  a  visit,  as  the  like  is  not  to  be  found 
in  any  part  of  the  habitable  globe.  The  question  is  frequently  asked 
"Why  did  those  people  locate  their  dwellings  at  such  a  great  altitude, 
in  places  almost  inaccessible  ?"  but  it  should  be  remembered  that  as 
self-preservation  was  then  as  now,  the  first  law  of  being,  it  was  there- 
fore natural  that  they  should  thus  locate  themselves,  for  besides  the 
countless  hordes  of  wild  Indians,  they  had  to  contend  with  other 
enemies  innumerable,  in  the  shape  of  gigantic  and  ferocious  animals, 
long  since  extinct,  the  fossil  remains  of  which  have  often  been  dis- 
covered in  many  different  localities. 

Many  of  the  ruins  of  the  cities  and  towns  may  be  seen  still  in 
almost  every  direction,  while  many  others  are  hidden  from  view  by 
the  accumulation  of  the  soil,  through  the  agency  of  the  elements,  so 
that  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  the  Territory,  must  have  constituted 
a  population  of  large  size.  The  character  of  this  prehistoric  popula- 
tion, its  numbers,  manners,  customs  and  peculiarities,  are  matters 
coming  more  properly  within  the  province  of  the  archaeologist,  than 
of  the  writer  of  this  pamphlet ;  that  New  Mexico  once  supported  a 
large  number  of  people,  is  a  fact  demonstrated  by  the  scores  upon 
scores  of  ruins,  covering  every  hill-side  or  nestling  in  every  valley, 
and  now  that  the  neigh  of  the  iron  horse  is  heard  in  her  canons, 
and  upon  her  mountain  tops,  and  the  spirit  of  the  dead  past  is  tak- 
ing to  flight  before  the  restless,  nervous,  energetic  and  intensely  prac- 
tical genius  of  the  present,  what  may  we  not  expect  in  the  future? 

There  have  been  four  distinct  epochs  in  the  history  of  this 
wonderful  region.  1st.  The  first  settlement  of  the  country,  thous- 
ands of  years  ago  by  the  Cliff-dwellers;  2d.  The  conquest  of  the  same 


REPORT  OF  THE  COMMISSIONER  OF  RIO  ARRIBA  COUNTY. 


Ubm 

»:     It 


centuries  ago,  by  the  ambitious  Spaniard;  3d.  The  later  occupancy 
of  the  country  by  the  Mexican,  and  4th.  and  last,  the  more  recent 
advent  of  the  ever  restless  and  irresistible  American,  to  whom  has 
been  reserved  the  gigantic  task  of  developing  the  illimitable  resour- 
ces of  this  most  wonderful  country,  by  which  eventually,  the  entire 
universe  will  be  enriched  in  a  most  material  manner. 

Turn  we  now,  however,  to  the  present  condition  of  ihe  country 
and  especially  of  the  county  which  we  would  remark  en  passant, 
through  a  combination  of  circumstances,  is  generally  recognized  as 
one  of  the  favorite  counties  of  the  Territory.  Bancroft  J  ]\ 

Let  us  hastily  enumerate  a  few  of  its  manifold  advantages: 
is  most  abundantly  well  wooded  and  watered,  possessing  extensive 
forests,  sufficient  to  supply  a  nation  for  ages  with  fuel,  building  and 
fencing  material,  as  well  as  rare  woods  for  cabinet  purposes,  while 
its  beautiful  rivers,  chief  among  which  is  the  ever  famous  Rio  Grande, 
supplies  it  with  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  water,  as  pure,  sweet  and 
cool  as  can  be  found  in  the  whole  Territory.  There  are  also  immense 
deposits  of  coal  of  a  superior  quality,  as  well  as  the  best  kind  of 
clay  for  brick  making  purposes,  while  there  are  also  vast  quarries  of 
excellent  building  stone  of  various  kinds. 

Being  so  well  wooded  and  watered,  as  well  as  most  abundantly 
supplied  with  the  most  nutritious  grasses,  renders  it  a  country  supe- 
rior for  stock  raising,  as  may  be  fully  verified  by  a  glance  at  the 
numerous  and  extensive  flocks  and  herds  of  sheep  and  cattle,  in  a 
healthy  and  thriving  condition. 

Another  advantage  which  this  county  posssses  for  the  purposes  of 
stock  raising,  is  that  which  is  found  in  the  shortness  and  mildness  of 
the  winters,  which  are  in  truth,  so  brief  and  mild,  that  they  do  not 
seem  to  be  winters  at  all,  especially  in  the  southern  portion. 

A  great  variety  of  rare  plants,  medicinal  herbs  of  wonderful 
healing  properties,  and  most  fragrant  and  beautiful  flowers,  adorn 
the  landscape;  while  the  fair  scene  id  almost  constantly  enlivened  by 
the  sweet  songs  of  lovely  birds,  of  the  most  gorgeous  plumage. 

The  soil  is  exceedingly  fertile  and  easily  worked,  and  even  with 
poor  implements  and  indifferent  culture,  produces  all  kinds  of  vege- 
tables, corn,  wheat  and  the  cereals  of  fine  quality,  and  in  great  abund- 
ance, often  yielding  as  high  as  50  bushels  to* the  acre  of  wheat, 


6  REPORT   OF    THE    COMMISSIONER    OF    RIO    ARRIBA    COUNTY. 

and  with  proper  tillage  and  improved  farming  implements  a  greater 
yield  could  be  bad. 

On  tbe  eastern  side  of  this  far-famed  valley  there  are  thousands  of 
acres  of  rich  land  still  awaiting  enterprise,  to  place  it  under  a 
proper  state  of  cultivation.  This  land  is  of  a  more  productive  nature 
than  any  other  within  the  county  limits,  and  the  only  thing  necessary 
to  develope  its  hidden  wealth,  is  the  construction  of  an  irrigating 
ditch,  for  the  constant  and  abundant  supply  of  which,  the  waters  of 
the  never  failing  Rio  Grande  are  ever  at  hand.  The  purchase  of 
this  land  and  the  construction  of  an  irrigation  ditch,  would  prove  a 
most  excellent  investment  for  capitalists.  Portions  of  this  county  are 
especially  adapted  to  the  raising  of  fruit,  as  may  be  seen  by  a  glance 
at  the  numerous  and  extensive  orchards  and  gardens,  where  may  be 
seen  many  varieties  of  melons,  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  cher- 
ries, grapes,  strawberries  and  other  fruits,  of  the  largest  size,  finest 
flavor  and  in  great  abundance.  Indeed,  the  constant,  countless  and 
complicated  operations  of  nature,  which  have  been  transpiring  for 
thousauds  of  years,  the  decay  of  vast  forests,  and  gigantic  vegetable 
growths,  the  decomposition  of  rocks,  the  agency  of  heat,  winds  and 
waters,  have  all  united  in  rendering  the  soil  of  such  rare  nature,  that 
literally,  "if  you  tickle  it  with  a  hoe,  it  laughs  wkh  a  harvest." 

This  county  is  also  a  paradise  for  sportsmen,  as  almost  all  kinds 
of  fish  and  wild  game  are  plentiful.  Here  may  be  found  the  snipe, 
quail,  partridge,  duck,  goose,  pigeon  and  turkey,  as  well  as  the  hare, 
deer,  bear  arid  antelope,  and  all  in  great  abundance.  The  atmos- 
phere is  clear  and  pure,  and  the  climate  genial,  healthy  and  invigor- 
ating, the  winters  short  and  mild,  and  the  summers  long  and  pleas- 
ant. Health  being  the  rule  here,  and  disease  a  rare  exception,  this 
locality  is  remarkable  for  the  longevity  of  its  inhabitants.  Diseases 
of  a  pulmonary  nature,  generally  yield  to  the  salubrity  of  this  Italian 
climate.  Most  of  the  people  live  to  a  good  old  age. 

Here  in  this  section  of  the  country  are  the  far  famed  Ojo  Cal- 
iente  or  hot  springs,  the  waters  of  which  possess  great  curative 
powers,  as  much  so  as  any  springs  to  be  found  upon  the  whole  con- 
tinent of  America.  These  springs  of  world-wide  celebrity%are  annu- 
ally visited  by  a  great  number  of  invalids  from  every  part  of  the  civ- 
ilized world,  all  of  whom  soon  depart  greatly  relieved  of  their  pain- 


REPORT    OF    THE    COMMISSIONER    OF  RIO    ARRIBA    COUNTY. 


ful  disorders,  and  many  of  whom  are  speedily  and  permanently  cured. 

It  will  be  readily  perceived  that  New  Mexico  is  pre-eminently 
the  lund  of  ease,  of  plenty  and  of  the  most  unbounded  hospitality. 

Now  a  few  observations  concerning  the  mineral  wealth  of  New 
Mexico,  and  especially  of  Rio  Arriba  county.  Writers,  of  late,  have 
so  expatiated  upon  the  mineral  resources  of  their  respective  counties 
and  districts,  that  the  financial  world  regards  with  distrust  any  state- 
ment in  the  slightest  degree  tinged  with  enthusiasm.  How  far  this 
distrust  may  be  justified  it  is  not  for  the  writer  to  say,  but  knowing 
its  existence  and  fearing  to  arouse  any  suspicion  of  good  faith  by 
indulging  in  a  rosy  liued  narrative  of  the  mineral  treasures  of  Rio 
Arriba  county, he  prefers  to  let  the  subject  pass,  without  any  attempt 
of  a  detailed  description.  The  mineral  veins  of  Rio  Arriba  county 
speak  for  themselves,  in  tones  more  eloquent,  than  pen  can  command. 
The  citizens  of  Rio  Arriba  county,  have  not  been  desirous  to  organ- 
ize a  mining  boom.,  but  it  may  be  said,  that  for  the  man  of  moder- 
ate capital  and  good  business  qualifications.no  better  mining  induce- 
ments can  be  found  in  our  country,  than  those  this  county  has  to  offer. 
Our  mountains  contain  illimitable  treasures,  in  the  shape  of  lead,  iron, 
copper,  silver,  mica  and  gold,  and  in  the  near  future  this  beautiful 
county  is  destined  to  be  known  throughout  the  civilized  world,  as  the 
second  and  greater  California,  the  true  Eldorado  of  the  universe. 
Rich  old  mines  are  found  in  almost  every  direction.  Some  of  these 
mines  were  worked  centuries  ago,  by  the  Spaniards,  as  the  remains 
of  their  old  works  and  smelters  testify.  The  old  shafts  have  been  filled 
up,  however;  as  is  true  of  all  the  mines  which  were  worked  previous  to 
1680,  by  the  native  Indians,  who  had  been  made  to  work  them  under 
conditions  of  great  hardship,  and  after  thirteen  years  rebellion  the 
Spaniards  were  only  able  to  regain  their  ascendancy  by  a  compromise 
with  the  native  races,  the  chief  feature  of  which  was,  that  there 
should  be  no  mining  done  in  the  territory.  Where  millions  were 
once  taken  out  of  these  mines  with  the  aid  of  rude  machinery  and  an 
imperfect  knowledge  of  mining,  with  our  improved  machinery  and 
better  knowledge  of  mining,  is  it  going  too  far  to  say,  that  we  may 
be  able  to  extract  other  untold  millions. 

Baron  Von  Humboldt,  said  that  "the  wealth  of  the  world  will 
be  found  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,"  while  another  writer  remarks: 


8  REPORT    OF    THE    COMMISSIONER    OF    RIO    ARRIBA    COUNTY. 

"The  mineral  wealth  of  New  Mexico  has  not  beea  developed,  it 
is  an  established  fact,  that  the  mines  of  Montana  and  Colorado  on  the 
north,  Arizona  and  California  on  the  west  and  Old  Mexico  on  the 
south  have  been  developed  rich  in  gold  and  silver. 

"The  geological  formation  is  such  that  New  Mexico  must  be  rich 
while  the  evidence  of  history  shows  this  Territory  to  have  been  a  rich 
mining  country,  when  the  New  England  colonist  was  struggling  for 
existence  with  the  Indians.  The  simple  fact  is,  that  New  Mexico  in 
the  near  future  will  develop  into  the  richest  mining  country  in  the 
world.  The  surface  indications  of  the  mines  of  New  Mexico,  are  far 
superior  to  those  of  Colorado,  Montana,  or  California,  while  in  every 
instance  the  deeper  the  shafts  have  been  sunk  in  the  mines,  the  richer 
the  ores."  According  to  ancient  and  authentic  documents,  the  die- 
zeno  or  tenth  part  of  what  was  annually  extracted  from  a  single  old 
mine  in  this  same  county,  amounted  to  several  million  dollars,  and 
there  is  no  doubt  that  this  Territory,  will  soon  be  recognized  by 
all  nations  of  the  globe  as  the  great  treasure  house  of  the  entire  uni- 
verse. 

The  coal  mines  at  Almargo,  25  miles  north-west  from  Tierra  Am- 
arilla-,  are  at  present  putting  out  about  225  tons  of  first-class  bitum- 
inous coal  per  day. 

Our  facilities  for  transportation  are  excellent,  inasmuch  as  we 
have  at  present  a  line  of  communication  with  the  outside  world,  the 
Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railway  (narrow  gauge)  a  road  well  man- 
aged, and  apparently  conducted  upon  the  principle  that  the  develop- 
ment of  the  country  through  which  it  runs  is  its  duty,  and  a  mutual 
benefit  to  itself  and  those  dependent  upon  it. 

The  great  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  is  also,  it  is 
reported,  about  to  enter  this  rich  field,  which  from  its  vast  area  can 
certainly  give  occupation  to  two  lines  of  transportation  and  travel, 
and  add  no  little  to  their  already  vast  yearly  income. 

The  San  Juan  extension  of  The  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  R.  R. 
runs  62  miles  through  the  north  part  of  the  county;  the  New  Mexico 
extension  runs  40  miles  nearly  south,  and  the  Chama  extension  when 
completed  will  run  about  120  miles  a  little  north  of  west  through  this 
county. 

The  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  FeR.  R.  is  within  20  miles  of 


REPORT    OF   THE    COMMISSIONER    OF   RIO   ARRIBA    COUNTY.  9 

the  south  boundary  of  the  county,  and  it  is  expected  that  it  soon  will 
be  connected  with  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  by  rail. 

In  short  our  communication  by  mail,  rail  or  telegraph  is  com- 
plete, so  that  we  now  enjoy  nearly  if  not  quite  all  the  advantages 
known  in  the  states. 

The  continental  divide  runs  through  this  county,  and  at  a  short 
distance  from  the  north  boundary  of  the  county,  runs  into  a  low  plat- 
eau with  an  elevation  of  less  than  7,200  feet. 

We  have  also  plenty  of  churches  and  good  schools,  where  the 
different  branches  of  learning  are  taught,  in  both  English  and  Span- 
ish, and  the  county  is  now  pre-eminently  distinguished  for  its  devo- 
tion to  the  sacred  cause  of  religion  and  education. 

The  following  are  among  some  of  our  principal  valleys: 

The  valley  of  the  Chama,  which  is  about  .150  miles  long  ;  the 
valley  of  the  El  Rito,  which  is  about  30  miles  long  ;  the  valley  of  the 
Coyote,  which  is  about  30  miles  long  ;  the  valley  of  the  Nutritas, 
which  is  about  20  miles  long ;  the  valley  of  the  Los  Ojos,  which  is 
about  15  miles  long  ;  the  valley  of  the  Nubajo  river,  which  is  about 
15  miles  long  ;  the  valley  of  the  San  Juan  river,  which  is  about  150 
miles  long;  the  valley  of  the  Pinos,  which  is  about  12  miles  long  ; 
the  valley  of  the  Animas,  which  is  about  16  miles  long  ;  and  the  val- 
ley of  the  Marcos,  which  is  about  14  miles  long/  But  chief  among 
all  is  the  beautiful  and  justly  celebrated  San  Juan  Valley,  extending 
along  the  banks  of  the  Rio  Grande. 

There  is  also  a  valley  called  Laguna  de  los  Caballos,  which  sig- 
nifies "Horse  Lake;"  it  is  situated  about  eighteen  miles,  a  little  south 
of  west  from  Tierra  Amarilla,  the  area  of  which  is  about  20,000 
acres.  It  will  store  enough  water  to  irrigate  at  least  ten  thousand 
acres  of  land.  North  and  north-west,  between  the  Laguna  and  the 
north  boundary  of  the  county,  are  some  twenty  lakes,  varying  in 
area  from  100  to  600  acres,  with  water  sufficient  to  irrigate  at  least 
20,000  to  30,000  acres.  In  the  neighborhood  of  the  lakes  are  large 
quantities  of  excellent  land,  which  only  require  a  systematic  use  of 
the  water  accumulated  during  every  season  in  these  lakes,  to  render 
them  immensely  productive. 

Where  Americans  and  Mexicans  have  already  settled  in  the  San 
Juan  River  Valley  and  its  tributaries,  they  have  gardens  not  excel- 
led in  any  portion  of  the  United  States,  for  the  production  of  water 


10         REPORT    OF    THE    COMMISSIONER    OF  RIO    ARRIBA    COUNTY. 

and  musk  melons,  cantelopes,  Irish-potatoes,  beets,  carrots,  onions, 
parsnips,  peas,  beans,  both  Mexican  and  Lima,  currants,  black,  white 
and  red,  raspberries  and  blackberries.  This  section  of  the  country  has 
not  been  settled  sufficiently  long  to  speak  definitely  about  orchard 
fruits,  but  the  orchards  that  have  been  set  out  look  remarkably 
thrifty. 

It  would  be  well  here  to  call  attention  to  the  remarkable 
growth  of  wild  hops  in  this  section  of  the  country  ;  they  produce  enor- 
mously. The  hop  is  much  larger  than  any  cultivated  variety,  and 
it  is  infinitely  richer  in  essential  oils,  and  with  a  remarkably  rich 
aroma.  The  cultivation  of  this  crop,  will  undoubtedly  be  a  source 
of  immense  revenue  to  this  county. 

Here,  then,  in  Rio  Arriba  county  is  presented  a  field  as  alluring 
to  the  laborer,  farmer,  miner,  artizan,  merchant  or  capitalist,  as  it  is 
full  of  attractions  to  the  invalid,  tourist,  pleasure-seeker,  traveler, 
artist  and  savant,  and  as  we  before  remarked,  it  may  be  truthfully 
said,  that  a  rare  combination  of  most  favorable  circumstances  have 
all  united  in  rendering  it  in  a  most  superlative  degree  the  favored  and 
favorite  county  of  all  others  within  the  wide  limits  of  this  enchant- 
ing region,  so  soon  to  be  known  to  the  nations  of  the  universe,  as 
the  ne  plus  ultra  of  states,  the  vast,  mighty  arid  incomparably  rich 
State  of  New  Mexico. 

SAMUEL  ELDODT, 

Commissioner  of  Immigration. 
SAN  JUAN,  Rio  ARRIBA  COUNTY,  N.  M.,  August  1st.  1881. 


Lithomount 
Pamphlet 

Binder 
Gay  lord  Bros. 

Makers 

Stockton,  Calif. 
PAL  JAN  21,  1908 


